Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding. Search for:. The Ionic Bond Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer An ionic bond results from the transfer of an electron from a metal atom to a non-metal atom. Learning Objectives Identify the key features of ionic bonds.
Key Takeaways Key Points Ionic bonds are formed between cations and anions. A cation is formed when a metal ion loses a valence electron while an anion is formed when a non-metal gains a valence electron. They both achieve a more stable electronic configuration through this exchange.
Ionic solids form crystalline lattices, or repeating patterns of atoms, with high melting points, and are typically soluble in water. Key Terms electrolyte : An ionic compound which dissolves in H2O, making the resulting solution capable of conducting electricity. Lattice Energy Lattice energy is a measure of the bond strength in an ionic compound.
Learning Objectives Describe lattice energy and the factors that affect it. Key Takeaways Key Points Lattice energy is defined as the energy required to separate a mole of an ionic solid into gaseous ions. Lattice energy cannot be measured empirically, but it can be calculated using electrostatics or estimated using the Born-Haber cycle.
Two main factors that contribute to the magnitude of the lattice energy are the charge and radius of the bonded ions. Key Terms exothermic reaction : A process which releases heat into its surroundings. Formulas of Ionic Compounds Ionic formulas must satisfy the noble gas configurations for the constituent ions and the product compound must be electrically neutral.
Learning Objectives Apply knowledge of ionic bonding to predict the formula of ionic compounds. Key Takeaways Key Points The charge on the cations and anions in an ionic compound can be determined by the loss or gain of valence electrons necessary in order to achieve stable, noble gas electronic configurations. The number of cations and anions that are combined in an ionic compound is the simplest ratio of whole integers that can be combined to reach electrical neutrality.
The cation precedes the anion in both the written form and the formula. Key Terms noble gas : Any of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table, which are monatomic and, with very limited exceptions, inert, or non-reactive. Crystalline Lattice : Sodium chloride crystal lattice. Ionic vs Covalent Bond Character Ionic bonds can have some covalent character. Learning Objectives Discuss the idea that, in nature, bonds exhibit characteristics of both ionic and covalent bonds.
Key Takeaways Key Points Ionic bonding is presented as the complete transfer of valence electrons, typically from a metal to a non-metal. In reality, electron density remains shared between the constituent atoms, meaning all bonds have some covalent character. The ionic or covalent nature of a bond is determined by the relative electronegativities of the atoms involved. Key Terms polar covalent bond : A covalent bond that has a partial ionic character to it, as a result of the difference in electronegativity between the two bonding atoms.
Licenses and Attributions. CC licensed content, Specific attribution. Electrolytes are ions that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water. In biological systems, electrolytes are essential for osmotic regulation—the balance of water across cellular membranes.
Electrolytes also contribute to critical biological processes that rely upon electrical charges across the cell membrane, such as muscle contractions and nerve impulses. Electrolyte imbalances can cause severe physical symptoms and even death.
One of the most commonly-encountered electrolyte imbalances is hyponatremia, insufficient sodium levels in the blood. Hyponatremia can be a symptom of another medical condition or caused by ingesting too much water without adequately replacing sodium. Treatments for this serious condition aim to restore the balance of sodium in the body so that the brain, heart, and other organs can function properly.
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Your access has now expired. Provide feedback to your librarian. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to our customer success team. Login processing Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life. Chapter 1: Scientific Inquiry. Chapter 3: Macromolecules.
Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function. Chapter 5: Membranes and Cellular Transport. Chapter 6: Cell Signaling. Chapter 7: Metabolism. Chapter 8: Cellular Respiration. Chapter 9: Photosynthesis. Chapter Cell Cycle and Division. Chapter Meiosis. Chapter Classical and Modern Genetics. Chapter Gene Expression.
Chapter Biotechnology. Chapter Viruses. Chapter Nutrition and Digestion. Chapter Nervous System. Chapter Sensory Systems. Chapter Musculoskeletal System. The rules for organic compounds, in which carbon is the principle element, will be treated in a later chapter on organic chemistry. To name an inorganic compound, we need to consider the answers to several questions.
First, is the compound ionic or molecular? If the compound is ionic, does the metal form ions of only one type fixed charge or more than one type variable charge? Are the ions monatomic or polyatomic?
If the compound is molecular, does it contain hydrogen? If so, does it also contain oxygen? From the answers we derive, we place the compound in an appropriate category and then name it accordingly.
The name of a binary compound containing monatomic ions consists of the name of the cation the name of the metal followed by the name of the anion the name of the nonmetallic element with its ending replaced by the suffix — ide. Compounds containing polyatomic ions are named similarly to those containing only monatomic ions, except there is no need to change to an — ide ending, since the suffix is already present in the name of the anion. Every day you encounter and use a large number of ionic compounds.
Some of these compounds, where they are found, and what they are used for are listed in Table. Look at the label or ingredients list on the various products that you use during the next few days, and see if you run into any of those in this table, or find other ionic compounds that you could now name or write as a formula.
Most of the transition metals can form two or more cations with different charges. Compounds of these metals with nonmetals are named with the same method as compounds in the first category, except the charge of the metal ion is specified by a Roman numeral in parentheses after the name of the metal.
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