What is psychobabble? A term coined by Rosen meaning buzzwords taken from psychological terminology but used out of context. What is the difference between scientific psychology and pop psychology?
Scientific: based on documented research evidence Pop: based on unsupported claims, beliefs and popular opinion e. What is an example of integration of the various branches of science to study human behavior? Neuroeconomics: a combination of neuroscience, economics and psychology to investigate how people make choices in economics. What does the Biological LOA focus on? Physiology and genetics. What does the Cognitive LOA focus on? Mental processes like memory, perception and attention. What does the Sociocultural LOA focus on?
How environment and culture affect behavior and thinking. Example of why we use different levels in psychology?
Why do we use different levels in psychology? Because each level contributes to an overall understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. Literal meaning of psychology? What is the psychology of adaptation? Modern scientific psychology is to a large extent based on this psychology of adaptation: a psychology influenced by the ideas of Darwin on evolution, where the focus is on the biological study of the evolutionary utility of mind and behavior.
When psychologists publish their work, they refer to.. What is a theory? An explanation for a psychological phenomenon. A statement used to summarize, organize and explain observations. Theories can be used to make predictions about observed events.
Most theories are built on concepts. What are concepts? Hypothetical constructs that must be carefully defined so that they can be tested. Bandura's self-efficacy one's own belief as to whether one will succeed in something, based on previous experiences. What is Bandura's self-efficacy theory?
That one's self-efficacy will determine if and how hard one will try to do a certain thing. Are psychological theories like laws in the natural sciences?
Psychological theories are merely dealing with principles. The theoretical explanations are probable rather than certain and therefore are always open to some degree of doubt. In general, one theory can not explain all aspects of a psychological phenomenon.
Which two theories of intelligence did Dweck describe? The entity theory of intelligence: intelligence is an innate, unchangeable and internal characteristic 2. The incremental theory of intelligence: intelligence is malleable and can grow through effort.
When a researcher collects and analyzes data in order to investigate a psychological phenomenon. If you are picking your beloved by the color they wear, you may want to look deeper at that relationship.
This idea is that listening to classical music improves brainpower. The truth of this is that while classical music may intensify attentiveness, thereby improving "spatial reasoning" source: ranker. It may look good in the movies when two people who are total opposites fall in love and live happily ever after. In reality, the couples that have similar pursuits, ways of life, and beliefs are the ones who stay together for the long haul.
It's not to say that you can't have different hobbies or some differing views, but the things that brought you together are often the things that keep you together. It is said that we each have a particular learning style and that we can only learn best through that particular method.
The truth of this is that it depends on what is being taught. You may learn math better using one learning style, while your writing skills shine through a different method. Don't pigeonhole yourself into one specific learning style. Explore and see what works best for you in each instance.
We may simply use one small part of our brain at a time, but every area of the brain is used at some point in time. Many articles, books, and speakers have touted the miracle of merely visualizing something, and it will happen. This isn't true. If you only imagine and dream about it happening and don't do anything to make it happen, it will not happen.
You have to put thoughts into action to get what you want. Another popular topic in the books, magazines, and discussions is to let your anger out by punching a punching bag, yelling, or telling someone how you feel. Again, not true. These actions have been shown to make you even madder. The best way to let anger free is to breathe deeply with your eyes closed until the anger subsides. There are a lot of pop psychology myths that people live by.
What do you do if you have been living with these inaccuracies and they have negatively affected or, at least, haven't enhanced your life? Sometimes it's hard to tell the difference between the true, research-based psychological concepts and the phony, popular psychology ideas. Just remember to do your homework on these theories.
If it seems too far-fetched or isn't something that you necessarily believe, then take it with a grain of salt. Don't put all your beliefs in the pop psychology basket. The truth is out there. If the study "facts" are based on only a very small sampling of participants, don't give it all the credibility that others think it deserves.
Wait until you hear about another study done with a much larger pool of individuals. The empirical approach through gaining knowledge through experience quickly became the scientific approach and greatly influenced the development of physics and chemistry in the 17th and 18th centuries. The idea that knowledge should be gained through experience, i. The key features of the experiment are control over variables independent, dependent and extraneous , careful objective measurement and establishing cause and effect relationships.
Researchers are not influenced by personal feelings and experiences. The pursuit of science implies that the facts will speak for themselves, even if they turn out to be different from what the investigator hoped. There are different types of hypotheses null and alternative , which need to be stated in a form that can be tested i. Before the twentieth century, science largely used the principles of induction - making discoveries about the world through accurate observations, and formulating theories based on the regularities observed.
He observed the behavior of physical objects e. The scientific process is now based on the hypothetico-deductive model was proposed by Karl Popper He formulated a theory and set out to test its propositions by observing animals in nature. Science tends to go through these shifts therefore psychology is not a science as it has no agreed paradigm.
There are many conflicting approaches and the subject matter of Psychology is so diverse therefore researchers in different fields have little in common. Psychology is really a very new science, with most advances happening over the past years or so. However, it can be traced back to ancient Greece, — years BC. The emphasis was a philosophical one, with great thinkers such as Socrates influencing Plato, who in turn influenced Aristotle. Plato argued that there was a clear distinction between body and soul, believed very strongly in the influence of individual difference on behavior, and played a key role in developing the notion of "mental health", believing that the mind needed stimulating by the arts to keep it alive.
Aristotle firmly believed in the idea that the body strongly affected the mind - you might say he was an early bio psychologist. Psychology as a science took a "back seat" until Descartes - wrote in the 17th century.
He believed strongly in the concept of consciousness, maintaining that it was that that separated us from animals. He did, however, believe that our bodies could influence our consciousness and that the beginnings of these interactions were in the pineal gland - we know now that this is probably NOT the case!
From this influential work came other important philosophies about psychology, including work by Spinoza - and Leibnitz - But there still was no single, scientific, unified psychology as a separate discipline you could certainly argue that there still isn't! When asked the question "Who is the parent of psychology? Whether this is the case or not is open to debate, but if we were to ask who the parent of experimental psychology is, few would be likely to respond in the same way.
So where did modern experimental psychology come from and why? Psychology took so long to emerge as a scientific discipline because it needed time to consolidate. Understanding behavior, thoughts and feelings is not easy, which may explain why it was largely ignored between ancient Greek times and the 16th century.
But tired of years of speculation, theory and argument, and bearing in mind Aristotle's plea for scientific investigation to support theory, psychology as a scientific discipline began to emerge in the late 's.
Wilheim Wundt developed the first psychology lab in Introspection was used, but systematically i. It was really a place from which to start thinking about how to employ scientific methods to investigate behavior.
The classic movement in psychology to adopt these strategies were the behaviorists, who were renowned for their reliance on controlled laboratory experiment and rejection of any unseen or subconscious forces as causes of behavior. And later, the cognitive psychologists adopted this rigorous i. Psychoanalysis has great explanatory power and understanding of behavior, but is has been accused of only explaining behavior after the event, not predicting what will happen in advance and of being unfalsifiable.
Some have argued that psychoanalysis has approached the status more of a religion than a science, but it is not alone in being accused of unfalsifiable evolutionary theory has too — why is anything the way it is? Because it has evolved that way! Kline argues that psychoanalytic theory can be broken down into testable hypotheses and tested scientifically. For example, Scodel postulated that orally dependent men would prefer larger breasts a positive correlation , but in fact found the opposite a negative correlation.
Although Freudian theory could be used to explain this finding through reaction formation — the subject showing exactly the opposite of their unconscious impulses! Behaviorism has parsimonious i.
0コメント